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翻訳と辞書　辞書検索 [ 開発暫定版 ] スポンサード リンク Joint Operations Command (Zimbabwe) ： ウィキペディア英語版 Joint Operations Command (Zimbabwe) The Joint Operations Command (JOC) is the supreme organ for the coordination of state security in Zimbabwe. It was established by the Rhodesian Security Forces to supervise its counter-insurgency campaign in the Rhodesian Bush War〔Martin, D. and Johnson, P. 1981. ''The struggle for Zimbabwe''. Boston, Faber and Faber.〕〔N. Bhebe and T. Ranger (eds), 1995. ''Soldiers in Zimbabwe's Liberation War''. Volume One. James Currey, London.〕 as well as external incursions into neighbouring countries such as Zambia and Mozambique.〔(Smith Takes a Dangerous New Gamble ), ''Time'', 13 June 1977.〕 The JOC retained its role in the post-independence Zimbabwe Defence Forces, and has since been accused of manipulating elections and orchestrating political violence. ==2008== The JOC was headed in 2008 by Minister of State Security Didymus Mutasa, but he was replaced soon after the Zimbabwean presidential election held on 29 March 2008, by the Minister of Rural Housing and Social Amenities Emmerson Mnangagwa.〔(IV. Background ), ("Bullets for Each of You": State-Sponsored Violence since Zimbabwe’s 29 March Elections ). Human Rights Watch. June 2008. ISBN 1-56432-324-2〕 The JOC has been accused of organising repression campaigns against both opposition partisans, civil society and the U.S. ambassador.〔"(Mugabe's hatchet men )". ''Independent Online'', 29 June 2008.〕 It has been claimed that in the wake of the Zimbabwean presidential election, the JOC de facto took over control of the day-to-day decision-making of government, effectively operating as a military junta.〔"('Military coup' in Zimbabwe as Mugabe is forced to cede power to generals )". ''The Times'', 9 June 2008.〕 The JOC has also been implicated in the violent suppression of opposition supporters between the 29 March election and the runoff election in July 2008.〔"(Zimbabwe: UN resolution targets Robert Mugabe's 'criminal cabal' )". ''The Telegraph'', 9 July 2008.〕 It has come under scrutiny from members of the Politburo of the ZANU-PF. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Joint Operations Command (Zimbabwe)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.